QUOTES by Frances Arnold
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My laboratory uses evolution to design new enzymes. No one really knows how to design them - they are tremendously complicated. But we are learning how to use evolution to make new ones, just as nature does.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
In the universe of possibilities that exist for life, we've shown that it is a very easy possibility for life as we know it to include silicon in organic molecules. And once you can do it somewhere in the universe, it's probably being done.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Enzymes are masters of chemistry. They evolved over billions of years to perform specific biological functions. They make complex materials with virtually no waste.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Silicon-based life on Earth doesn't make sense, but perhaps it would in some totally different environment.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
People are really interested in these fundamental questions: Why is life based on carbon and not silicon?
Quote by -Frances Arnold
My whole interest is, how do you use evolution as an innovation engine? How does evolution solve new problems that life faces? And to have a system that can create a whole new chemical bond that biology hasn't done before, to me, demonstrates the power of nature to innovate.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
We're seeing a move toward making things that either chemistry cannot make or can't make efficiently but biology does.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Inside of a living cell there are thousands of proteins that enable it to make more of itself and make your malaria drug, for instance. We don't understand those. We don't understand how they work together.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
The real frontier is making these hybrid systems where you expand the capabilities of biology with chemistry.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I'd like to see what fraction of things that chemists have figured out we could actually teach nature to do. Then we really could replace chemical factories with bacteria.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Silicon is all around but it's tied up in rocks... with these very strong silicon-oxygen bonds that living systems would have to break in order to use silicon.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
This innovation machine that's evolution, we can use it to do all sorts of interesting things.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Using the power of protein engineering and evolution, we can convince enzymes to take what they do poorly and do it really well.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Cellulose has physical and chemical properties that make it difficult to access and difficult to break down.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
For some reason, there are political forces that somehow feel threatened by honest inquiry. How can you be threatened by wanting to know the facts?
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I was used to being the only woman in everything... I didn't even think about it. Men were my role models - there's nothing wrong with that.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Isobutanol is not a natural product, but we evolved an enzyme that makes it possible to convert plant sugars to this precursor to jet fuel.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
We all need friends, and friends are there to hold you up when nothing else can.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I'm interested in using evolution to move forward into the future, to get biology to do a lot of new chemistry for us.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I know how to do science. I know how to make things. I don't know how to run a company. Now that's a really tough job.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Human beings have been manipulating the biological world for thousands of years without understanding how DNA codes function.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I wanted to rewrite the code of life, to make new molecular machines that would solve human problems.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I took mechanical drawing, geometry and typing at high school, the latter because that is what they did with smart girls in those days!
Quote by -Frances Arnold
In the test tube, I can make any DNA I want, recombining it from monkeys, worms, anywhere. So I can explore new rules of breeding with molecules.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Evolution is good for optimising and that is well understood. But evolution also creates things that no one knew were even possible.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Microbes such as bacteria and yeast use enzymes to make fuels from biomass. We use directed evolution to perfect those enzymes and make new fuels efficiently.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
The code of life is like a Beethoven symphony. We have not yet learned how to write music like that. But evolution does it very well. I am learning how to use evolution to compose new music.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I wanted to make enzymes that would solve human problems, not just problems for a cell that makes them.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Enzymes catalyze all the reactions of life. They're what allow you to extract materials and energy from your environment and turn that into muscle and tissue and fat. That's all done by enzymes. They're pretty remarkable chemists - they're even better than Caltech chemists.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Engineering the biological world was even more interesting than engineering the mechanical world.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
My feeling is that we can genetically encode almost any kind of chemistry. We just have to learn how to do that.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
What I want to do is demonstrate that biology can learn how to make a vast array of molecules that people thought were outside the realm of biology.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
For me, I was always the only woman in my cohort, first as a mechanical engineering undergraduate student, then as a chemical engineering graduate student. There were very few women getting degrees in those fields at the time. My role models were men - great men role models.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Doing science at the highest level is hard for anyone. It's hard for women, and it's hard for the men. And we need to have supportive mentors and role models we can look up to.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Most innovative things are not obvious to other people at the time. You have to believe in yourself. If you've got a good idea, follow it even though others tell you it's not.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
I meet so many young people who want to plan out their lives and want a recipe. They want me to tell them how to succeed. I didn't follow a recipe. I followed my instincts.
Quote by -Frances Arnold
Pittsburgh was a wonderful place to grow up - diverse and complex, one could go from one culture to a completely different one in just a few blocks. It was a whole world in one city.
Quote by -Frances Arnold